Active Model 基础

class EmailContact
  include ActiveModel::API

  attr_accessor :name, :email, :message
  validates :name, :email, :message, presence: true

  def deliver
    if valid?
      # Deliver email
    end
  end
end

irb> email_contact = EmailContact.new(name: "David", email: "[email protected]", message: "Hello World")

irb> email_contact.name # Attribute Assignment
=> "David"

irb> email_contact.to_model == email_contact # Conversion
=> true

irb> email_contact.model_name.name # Naming
=> "EmailContact"

irb> EmailContact.human_attribute_name("name") # Translation if the locale is set
=> "Name"

irb> email_contact.valid? # Validations
=> true

irb> empty_contact = EmailContact.new
irb> empty_contact.valid?
=> false

<%= form_with model: EmailContact.new do |form| %>
  <%= form.text_field :name %>
<% end %>

<form action="/email_contacts" method="post">
  <input type="text" name="email_contact[name]" id="email_contact_name">
</form>

<%= render @email_contact %>

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Model

  attr_accessor :name, :age
end

irb> person = Person.new(name: 'bob', age: '18')
irb> person.name # => "bob"
irb> person.age  # => "18"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Attributes

  attribute :name, :string
  attribute :date_of_birth, :date
  attribute :active, :boolean, default: true
end

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.name = "Jane"
irb> person.name
=> "Jane"

# Casts the string to a date set by the attribute
irb> person.date_of_birth = "2020-01-01"
irb> person.date_of_birth
=> Wed, 01 Jan 2020
irb> person.date_of_birth.class
=> Date

# Uses the default value set by the attribute
irb> person.active
=> true

# Casts the integer to a boolean set by the attribute
irb> person.active = 0
irb> person.active
=> false

irb> Person.attribute_names
=> ["name", "date_of_birth", "active"]

irb> person.attributes
=> {"name" => "Jane", "date_of_birth" => Wed, 01 Jan 2020, "active" => false}

class Person
  include ActiveModel::AttributeAssignment

  attr_accessor :name, :date_of_birth, :active
end

irb> person = Person.new

# Set multiple attributes at once
irb> person.assign_attributes(name: "John", date_of_birth: "1998-01-01", active: false)

irb> person.name
=> "John"
irb> person.date_of_birth
=> Thu, 01 Jan 1998
irb> person.active
=> false

irb> person = Person.new

# Using strong parameters checks, build a hash of attributes similar to params from a request
irb> params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "John")
=> #<ActionController::Parameters {"name" => "John"} permitted: false>

irb> person.assign_attributes(params)
=> # Raises ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
irb> person.name
=> nil

# Permit the attributes we want to allow assignment
irb> permitted_params = params.permit(:name)
=> #<ActionController::Parameters {"name" => "John"} permitted: true>

irb> person.assign_attributes(permitted_params)
irb> person.name
=> "John"

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.attributes = { name: "John", date_of_birth: "1998-01-01", active: false }

irb> person.name
=> "John"
irb> person.date_of_birth
=> "1998-01-01"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods

  attribute_method_affix prefix: "reset_", suffix: "_to_default!"
  attribute_method_prefix "first_", "last_"
  attribute_method_suffix "_short?"

  define_attribute_methods "name"

  attr_accessor :name

  private
    # Attribute method call for 'first_name'
    def first_attribute(attribute)
      public_send(attribute).split.first
    end

    # Attribute method call for 'last_name'
    def last_attribute(attribute)
      public_send(attribute).split.last
    end

    # Attribute method call for 'name_short?'
    def attribute_short?(attribute)
      public_send(attribute).length < 5
    end

    # Attribute method call 'reset_name_to_default!'
    def reset_attribute_to_default!(attribute)
      public_send("#{attribute}=", "Default Name")
    end
end

irb> person = Person.new
irb> person.name = "Jane Doe"

irb> person.first_name
=> "Jane"
irb> person.last_name
=> "Doe"

irb> person.name_short?
=> false

irb> person.reset_name_to_default!
=> "Default Name"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::AttributeMethods

  attribute_method_suffix "_short?"
  define_attribute_methods :name

  attr_accessor :name

  alias_attribute :full_name, :name

  private
    def attribute_short?(attribute)
      public_send(attribute).length < 5
    end
end

irb> person = Person.new
irb> person.name = "Joe Doe"
irb> person.name
=> "Joe Doe"

# `full_name` is the alias for `name`, and returns the same value
irb> person.full_name
=> "Joe Doe"
irb> person.name_short?
=> false

# `full_name_short?` is the alias for `name_short?`, and returns the same value
irb> person.full_name_short?
=> false

class Person
  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks

  define_model_callbacks :update

  before_update :reset_me
  after_update :finalize_me
  around_update :log_me

  # `define_model_callbacks` method containing `run_callbacks` which runs the callback(s) for the given event
  def update
    run_callbacks(:update) do
      puts "update method called"
    end
  end

  private
    # When update is called on an object, then this method is called by `before_update` callback
    def reset_me
      puts "reset_me method: called before the update method"
    end

    # When update is called on an object, then this method is called by `after_update` callback
    def finalize_me
      puts "finalize_me method: called after the update method"
    end

    # When update is called on an object, then this method is called by `around_update` callback
    def log_me
      puts "log_me method: called around the update method"
      yield
      puts "log_me method: block successfully called"
    end
end

irb> person = Person.new
irb> person.update
reset_me method: called before the update method
log_me method: called around the update method
update method called
log_me method: block successfully called
finalize_me method: called after the update method
=> nil

define_model_callbacks :update, :create, only: [:after, :before]

define_model_callbacks :create, only: :after
define_model_callbacks :update, only: :before
define_model_callbacks :destroy, only: :around

class Person
  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks

  define_model_callbacks :create
  before_create PersonCallbacks
end

class PersonCallbacks
  def self.before_create(obj)
    # `obj` is the Person instance that the callback is being called on
  end
end

class Person
  extend ActiveModel::Callbacks

  define_model_callbacks :update

  before_update :reset_me
  after_update :finalize_me
  around_update :log_me

  def update
    run_callbacks(:update) do
      puts "update method called"
    end
  end

  private
    def reset_me
      puts "reset_me method: called before the update method"
      throw :abort
      puts "reset_me method: some code after abort"
    end

    def finalize_me
      puts "finalize_me method: called after the update method"
    end

    def log_me
      puts "log_me method: called around the update method"
      yield
      puts "log_me method: block successfully called"
    end
end

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.update
reset_me method: called before the update method
=> false

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Conversion
  attr_accessor :id

  def initialize(id)
    @id = id
  end

  def persisted?
    id.present?
  end
end

irb> person = Person.new(1)
irb> person.to_model == person
=> true

class Person
  def to_model
    # A proxy object that wraps your object with Active Model compliant methods.
    PersonModel.new(self)
  end
end

irb> person.to_key
=> [1]

irb> person.to_param
=> "1"

irb> person.to_partial_path
=> "people/person"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Dirty

  attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
  define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name

  def initialize
    @first_name = nil
    @last_name = nil
  end

  def first_name=(value)
    first_name_will_change! unless value == @first_name
    @first_name = value
  end

  def last_name=(value)
    last_name_will_change! unless value == @last_name
    @last_name = value
  end

  def save
    # Persist data - clears dirty data and moves `changes` to `previous_changes`.
    changes_applied
  end

  def reload!
    # Clears all dirty data: current changes and previous changes.
    clear_changes_information
  end

  def rollback!
    # Restores all previous data of the provided attributes.
    restore_attributes
  end
end

irb> person = Person.new

# A newly instantiated `Person` object is unchanged:
irb> person.changed?
=> false

irb> person.first_name = "Jane Doe"
irb> person.first_name
=> "Jane Doe"

irb> person.changed?
=> true

irb> person.changed
=> ["first_name"]

irb> person.changed_attributes
=> {"first_name" => nil}

irb> person.changes
=> {"first_name" => [nil, "Jane Doe"]}

irb> person.previous_changes
=> {}

irb> person.save
irb> person.previous_changes
=> {"first_name" => [nil, "Jane Doe"]}

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.changed?
=> false

irb> person.first_name = "John Doe"
irb> person.first_name
=> "John Doe"

irb> person.first_name_changed?
=> true

irb> person.first_name_was
=> nil

irb> person.first_name_change
=> [nil, "John Doe"]
irb> person.last_name_change
=> nil

irb> person.first_name_previously_changed?
=> false
irb> person.save
irb> person.first_name_previously_changed?
=> true

irb> person.first_name_previous_change
=> [nil, "John Doe"]

class Person
  extend ActiveModel::Naming
end

irb> Person.model_name.name
=> "Person"

irb> Person.model_name.singular
=> "person"

irb> Person.model_name.plural
=> "people"

irb> Person.model_name.element
=> "person"

irb> Person.model_name.human
=> "Person"

irb> Person.model_name.collection
=> "people"

irb> Person.model_name.param_key
=> "person"

irb> Person.model_name.i18n_key
=> :person

irb> Person.model_name.route_key
=> "people"

irb> Person.model_name.singular_route_key
=> "person"

irb> Person.model_name.uncountable?
=> false

module Person
  class Profile
    include ActiveModel::Model

    def self.model_name
      ActiveModel::Name.new(self, nil, "Profile")
    end
  end
end

Rails.application.routes.draw do
  resources :profiles
end

irb> name = ActiveModel::Name.new(Person::Profile, nil, "Profile")
=> #<ActiveModel::Name:0x000000014c5dbae0

irb> name.singular
=> "profile"
irb> name.singular_route_key
=> "profile"
irb> name.route_key
=> "profiles"

gem "bcrypt"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword

  has_secure_password
  has_secure_password :recovery_password, validations: false

  attr_accessor :password_digest, :recovery_password_digest
end

irb> person = Person.new

# When password is blank.
irb> person.valid?
=> false

# When the confirmation doesn't match the password.
irb> person.password = "aditya"
irb> person.password_confirmation = "nomatch"
irb> person.valid?
=> false

# When the length of password exceeds 72.
irb> person.password = person.password_confirmation = "a" * 100
irb> person.valid?
=> false

# When only password is supplied with no password_confirmation.
irb> person.password = "aditya"
irb> person.valid?
=> true

# When all validations are passed.
irb> person.password = person.password_confirmation = "aditya"
irb> person.valid?
=> true

irb> person.recovery_password = "42password"

# `authenticate` is an alias for `authenticate_password`
irb> person.authenticate("aditya")
=> #<Person> # == person
irb> person.authenticate("notright")
=> false
irb> person.authenticate_password("aditya")
=> #<Person> # == person
irb> person.authenticate_password("notright")
=> false

irb> person.authenticate_recovery_password("aditya")
=> false
irb> person.authenticate_recovery_password("42password")
=> #<Person> # == person
irb> person.authenticate_recovery_password("notright")
=> false

irb> person.password_digest
=> "$2a$04$gF8RfZdoXHvyTjHhiU4ZsO.kQqV9oonYZu31PRE4hLQn3xM2qkpIy"
irb> person.recovery_password_digest
=> "$2a$04$iOfhwahFymCs5weB3BNH/uXkTG65HR.qpW.bNhEjFP3ftli3o5DQC"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Serialization

  attr_accessor :name, :age

  def attributes
    # Declaration of attributes that will be serialized
    { "name" => nil, "age" => nil }
  end

  def capitalized_name
    # Declared methods can be later included in the serialized hash
    name&.capitalize
  end
end

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.serializable_hash
=> {"name" => nil, "age" => nil}

# Set the name and age attributes and serialize the object
irb> person.name = "bob"
irb> person.age = 22
irb> person.serializable_hash
=> {"name" => "bob", "age" => 22}

# Use the methods option to include the capitalized_name method
irb>  person.serializable_hash(methods: :capitalized_name)
=> {"name" => "bob", "age" => 22, "capitalized_name" => "Bob"}

# Use the only method to include only the name attribute
irb> person.serializable_hash(only: :name)
=> {"name" => "bob"}

# Use the except method to exclude the name attribute
irb> person.serializable_hash(except: :name)
=> {"age" => 22}

  class Person
    include ActiveModel::Serialization
    attr_accessor :name, :notes # Emulate has_many :notes

    def attributes
      { "name" => nil }
    end
  end

  class Note
    include ActiveModel::Serialization
    attr_accessor :title, :text

    def attributes
      { "title" => nil, "text" => nil }
    end
  end

irb> note = Note.new
irb> note.title = "Weekend Plans"
irb> note.text = "Some text here"

irb> person = Person.new
irb> person.name = "Napoleon"
irb> person.notes = [note]

irb> person.serializable_hash
=> {"name" => "Napoleon"}

irb> person.serializable_hash(include: { notes: { only: "title" }})
=> {"name" => "Napoleon", "notes" => [{"title" => "Weekend Plans"}]}

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON

  attr_accessor :name

  def attributes
    { "name" => nil }
  end
end

irb> person = Person.new

# A hash representing the model with its keys as a string
irb> person.as_json
=> {"name" => nil}

# A JSON string representing the model
irb> person.to_json
=> "{\"name\":null}"

irb> person.name = "Bob"
irb> person.as_json
=> {"name" => "Bob"}

irb> person.to_json
=> "{\"name\":\"Bob\"}"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON

  attr_accessor :name

  def attributes=(hash)
    hash.each do |key, value|
      public_send("#{key}=", value)
    end
  end

  def attributes
    { "name" => nil }
  end
end

irb> json = { name: "Bob" }.to_json
=> "{\"name\":\"Bob\"}"

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.from_json(json)
=> #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">

irb> person.name
=> "Bob"

class Person
  extend ActiveModel::Translation
end

# config/locales/app.pt-BR.yml
pt-BR:
  activemodel:
    attributes:
      person:
        name: "Nome"

irb> Person.human_attribute_name("name")
=> "Name"

irb> I18n.locale = :"pt-BR"
=> :"pt-BR"
irb> Person.human_attribute_name("name")
=> "Nome"

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Validations

  attr_accessor :name, :email, :token

  validates :name, presence: true
  validates :email, format: { with: URI::MailTo::EMAIL_REGEXP }
  validates! :token, presence: true
end

irb> person = Person.new
irb> person.token = "2b1f325"
irb> person.valid?
=> false

irb> person.name = "Jane Doe"
irb> person.email = "me"
irb> person.valid?
=> false

irb> person.email = "[email protected]"
irb> person.valid?
=> true

# `token` uses validate! and will raise an exception when not set.
irb> person.token = nil
irb> person.valid?
=> "Token can't be blank (ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed)"

irb> person = Person.new

irb> person.email = "me"
irb> person.valid?
=> # Raises Token can't be blank (ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed)

irb> person.errors.to_hash
=> {:name => ["can't be blank"], :email => ["is invalid"]}

irb> person.errors.full_messages
=> ["Name can't be blank", "Email is invalid"]

$ bin/rails test

Run options: --seed 14596

# Running:

......

Finished in 0.024899s, 240.9735 runs/s, 1204.8677 assertions/s.

6 runs, 30 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips